- "The George Floyd Protests Show Leaderless Movements Are The Future of Politics," Slate Magazine
- "Today’s Activism: Spontaneous, Leaderless, but Not Without Aim," New York Times
- "The Common Element Uniting Worldwide Protests," The Atlantic
- "Leaderless rebellion: how social media enables global protests," Financial Times
As long-time readers of my blog know, I have been touting the power and potential of strategic nonviolent resistance for the last three-and-a-half years. But I find lately that I need to add a cautionary note to my praise of strategic nonviolent resistance. For those who want to engage in resistance nowadays seem to be guilty over and over again of the same two basic mistakes repeated ad nauseam. The first mistake is to assume that strategic nonviolent resistance consists solely of protest marches and rallies. The second mistake is what I want to tackle in today's post.
Let me take you first to a TED talk given by Zeynep Tufekci, titled, "How The Internet Has Made Social Change Easy to Organize, Hard to Win." Ms. Tufekci is a sociologist and associate professor at the University of North Carolina, so she's no lightweight. In her TED talk, she examines the wealth of "leaderless," spontaneous protest "movements" which erupted throughout the world from the 1990's to the mid 2010's. She noted that these "movements" (of which the Occupy "movement" was a prime example) scaled up very quickly from one or two people to many mass gatherings of tens of thousands of people. However, they achieved no long-lasting gains. I think it safe to say that the Occupy "movement," for example, did not accomplish a bloody thing. Why is this?
Zeynep suggests that "movements" which are easily and hastily thrown together by means of a few mouse clicks are largely composed of people who have not learned to work together and to make decisions together as a collective unit. Therefore, they are unable to form a coherent strategy or to adjust their tactics to overcome strategic challenges that arise in their struggle. Thus they have no staying power. In another place (I can't remember where just now), I believe Ms. Tufekci likens modern, easily thrown-together "movements" to a car that can accelerate quickly to high speed, yet has no steering wheel. She compares the protest rallies of these modern movements with the March on Washington in which Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a Dream" speech. The 1963 march was not just a march, but it was a signal to dominant power-holders of the capacity of a large number of people to act collectively in a coherent, long-term, strategic manner. It served as such a signal precisely because back before the Internet, organizing things like a march, a strike, or a boycott required people to work together for a long time and to figure out how to work together long-term without falling apart. It required people to create formal processes for deciding on goals, for analyzing power, and for mapping and implementing strategy. These were not spontaneous processes. Today's protests seem at times to me to be more like a bunch of kids throwing a spontaneous open-air tantrum!
So let's talk about learning to work together and make decisions together as a collective unit. And let's begin with a question, namely this: how are decisions made in a group of people who want to achieve something? Or in other words, can there ever really be such a thing as a "leaderless" movement? To answer that question, we must turn to another sharp woman, feminist scholar Jo Freeman. Ms. Freeman wrote an essay titled, "The Tyranny of Structurelessness." Her essay, which was written in 1970, shows that leaderless, structureless groups have long appealed to those who are trying to escape from systems of domination and oppression. However, Ms. Freeman shows that such leaderless, structureless groups quickly become neither leaderless nor structureless. What happens instead is that in place of formal, universally acknowledged means of making decisions, an informal network of decision-making always springs up. And this informal structure is always created by those members of the group who are the most dominant - either in personality or in wealth of pre-existing resources. These dominant members become the group's "elites." Once that happens, bam! You're right back in a structure over which you have no control unless you're one of the "elites."
In order for a social movement organization to succeed in achieving any goal, therefore, it must have structure. For the social movement organization to achieve democratic goals, the structure must be both explicit and formal, and it must be formally ratified by each of its members. That structure must also include a formal, explicit, democratic method of decision-making. The creation of such democratic structures is not a spontaneous process, but is deliberate, conscious, and goal-oriented. Movement organizers who create such structures create movements that actually accomplish things. "Movements" which don't are like an amoeba having a seizure.
And this is why I don't hold out much hope of lasting change from many of the protests now taking place, not only against oppressive White supremacy, but against many other evils. Nor will I have hope until the organizers of such resistance actions begin to grow up, to get over their Millennial sense of entitlement to their opinions, to stop trying to re-create Woodstock, and to start reading some books. Because their "movements" are "leaderless" and "structureless", they can be very easily co-opted and hijacked (for instance, by agents provocateurs who cause violence at protests), and their message can be derailed by their enemies - enemies who have both leaders and formal structures and who therefore succeed. We have already seen this happen.
Let me leave you with a quote from Srdja Popovic, former leader of the OTPOR! movement which successfully overthrew Slobodan Milosevic. Srdja said, "There are only two kinds of political movements in history: they're either spontaneous or successful." Chew on that.
